{"id":2160,"date":"2015-03-06T21:02:06","date_gmt":"2015-03-06T21:02:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/?p=2160"},"modified":"2026-04-12T18:25:06","modified_gmt":"2026-04-12T18:25:06","slug":"modal-verbs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/?p=2160","title":{"rendered":"Mind your modals!"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4479\" title=\"modals\" src=\"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/modals.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"567\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/modals.jpg 567w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/modals-300x270.jpg 300w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/modals-150x135.jpg 150w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/modals-400x361.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Auxiliary, or helping verbs, are used before infinitives to add a different meaning. The following auxiliaries are called \u21d2<a href=\"http:\/\/www.englisch-hilfen.de\/en\/grammar\/hilfsverben2.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Modal Auxiliaries<\/strong> or <strong>Modals<\/strong><\/a>\u21d0<\/p>\n<table class=\"table\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Modal Auxiliaries<\/th>\n<th>Meanings \/ Functions<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>can<\/td>\n<td>ability, permission, request, possibility<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>could<\/td>\n<td>ability, formal request, possibility<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>shall<\/td>\n<td>futurity, willingness, intention, suggestion, insistence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>should<\/td>\n<td>obligation, necessity, expectation, advisability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>will<\/td>\n<td>willingness, intention, prediction, insistence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>would<\/td>\n<td>willingness, habitual action in the past, probability, wish, desire<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>may<\/td>\n<td>permission, possibility, wish, purpose, concession<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>might<\/td>\n<td>permission, possibility, concession, reproach<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>must<\/td>\n<td>necessity, prohibition, compulsion, obligation, deduction, certainty, probability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Quasis \/ Semi Modals<\/th>\n<th>Meanings \/ Functions<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ought to<\/td>\n<td>moral obligation, probability, certainty, advice, necessity, duty, fitness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>used to<\/td>\n<td>discontinued habit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>need<\/td>\n<td>necessity, obligation (used in negative and questions)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>dare<\/td>\n<td>defiance, challenge, boldness (used in negatives and interrogatives)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">\u03a6 \u00a0 Modal verbs &#8211; Click on \u2192<a href=\"http:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/modals_mc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">multiple choice<\/a>\u00a0\u21d0<\/h6>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oCAZMW4jMX8\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2295\u00a0 Practice for Spanish speakers. <strong>\u2192<a title=\"Translate into English\" href=\"http:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Translate-your-modals.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Translate\u2190<\/a><\/strong> into English, using <strong>modal verbs\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0[Intermediate]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2295\u00a0 If you&#8217;re only learning one way of saying things, you&#8217;re <strong>not<\/strong> learning the right way. \u00a0Click on . . .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><a title=\"modals\" href=\"http:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/INTERACTING-WITH-OTHER-PEOPLE.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u21d2INTERACTING WITH OTHER PEOPLE\u2190<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0(practice with modal verbs &amp; functional language)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u2295 \u00a0 Quizzes &#8230;\u00a0\u00a0\u21d2\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.myenglishpages.com\/site_php_files\/grammar-exercise-modals.php#.U5If65R_v7U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[01]<\/a><strong>\u00a0\u21d4 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.englishpage.com\/modals\/interactivemodal6.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[02] <\/a>\u21d4 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.englishpage.com\/modals\/interactivemodal7.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[03]<\/a>\u00a0\u21d4\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.englishpage.com\/modals\/interactivemodal8.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[04]<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong>\u21d0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2295\u2192\u00a0<strong><a title=\"Epistemic &amp; Deontic modality\" href=\"http:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/modality-modal-verbs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Modality &amp; modal verbs\u2190<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Epistemic &amp; deontic modality<\/strong> \u00a0[Advanced]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u21d2\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammarbank.com\/would-rather-had-better.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>\u00abwould rather\u00bb vs \u00abhad better\u00bb<\/strong><\/a>\u21d0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">You&#8217;<strong>d better<\/strong> do the quizzes which follow&#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.learnenglish.de\/grammar\/verbmodal.html#Would\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-45474\" src=\"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/modal-verbs.jpg\" alt=\"modal-verbs\" width=\"255\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/modal-verbs.jpg 255w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/modal-verbs-150x112.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 255px) 100vw, 255px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h6>\u2207\u00a0 English Modal Verbs: \u00a0\u2193 &#8216;CAN&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;COULD&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;MAY&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;MIGHT&#8217;<\/h6>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/SaBH_huiJSM\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u2022\u2192<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.perfect-english-grammar.com\/modal-verbs-of-ability-exercise-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Modal verbs of ability<\/strong>\u00a0\u21d0<\/a>[quiz]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2207 \u00a0 &#8216;Will&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;Shall&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;Would&#8217; \u00a0\u00a0\u21d3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cB7vltnJsOw\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u2022\u2192 <a href=\"https:\/\/english-at-home.com\/grammar-how-to-use-will\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8216;will&#8217; &#8211; <\/a><\/strong>[uses] \u21d0<\/p>\n<h6>\u2207 \u00a0 &#8216;Should&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;Must&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;Have to&#8217; \u00a0\u00a0\u2193<\/h6>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/POFfLs0Uaio\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u2022\u2192 <a href=\"https:\/\/englishgrammarsecrets.com\/must-have-to\/grammar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">&#8216;must&#8217; &amp; &#8216;have to&#8217;<\/a> \u21d0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-52946\" src=\"http:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Obligation.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"178\" height=\"86\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Obligation.jpg 300w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Obligation-150x73.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 178px) 100vw, 178px\" \/>\u2022 <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.perfect-english-grammar.com\/modal-verbs-of-obligation-exercise-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Modal verbs of obligation<\/strong>\u00a0\u21d0<\/a>[quiz]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong>\u00abMust\u00bb<\/strong><\/em> is most commonly used to express <em>certainty<\/em>. It can also be used to express <em>necessity<\/em> or <em>strong recommendation<\/em>, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form <em>\u00abhave to.\u00bb <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong>\u00abMust not\u00bb<\/strong><\/em> can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer to use softer modal verbs such as <em>\u00abshould not\u00bb<\/em> or <em>\u00abought not\u00bb<\/em> to dissuade rather than prohibit.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ex\">\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.englishpage.com\/modals\/must.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Examples<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>must<\/strong> be the right address! \u00a0 \u00a0(<em class=\"comment\">certainty)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Students <strong>must<\/strong> pass an entrance examination to study at this school. \u00a0 (<em class=\"comment\">necessity)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>You <strong>must<\/strong> take some medicine for that cough. \u00a0 (<em class=\"comment\">strong recommendation)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Jenny, you <strong>must<\/strong> not play in the street! \u00a0 \u00a0 (<em class=\"comment\">prohibition)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u221e \u00a0 Modal verbs of probability<\/strong> &#8230;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.perfect-english-grammar.com\/modal-verbs-of-probability-exercise-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u21d2[quiz 01]<\/a>\u00a0\u21d4\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.perfect-english-grammar.com\/modal-verbs-of-probability-exercise-2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[quiz 02]\u21d0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h6 id=\"watch-headline-title\">\u2207 \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.perfect-english-grammar.com\/modal-verbs-of-probability.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Possibility or certainty<\/a>\u00a0\u2193<\/h6>\n<p>We use modal verbs (<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>must, may, could, might, can&#8217;t<\/strong><\/span>) to show how certain we are about something.<\/p>\n<p>We use <strong>&#8216;must&#8217;<\/strong> when we are almost certain about something &#8211; &#8216;must + infinitive without to&#8217;:<br \/>\n<em>&#8216;That must be Jack. He always rings at this time.&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The past of &#8216;must&#8217; is <strong>&#8216;must have + past participle&#8217;<\/strong>:<br \/>\n<em>&#8216;He must have finished work by now. He must be on his way home.&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8216;May<\/strong>&#8216; is used to say that something is a possibility &#8211; &#8216;may + infinitive without to&#8217;:<br \/>\n<em>&#8216;I&#8217;m going to fill the bath. Jack may want a bath when he arrives. He sometimes does.&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The past of &#8216;may&#8217; is <strong>&#8216;may have + past participle<\/strong>&#8216;:<br \/>\n<em>&#8216;He may have had a shower before he left work.&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8216;Could&#8217;<\/strong> is like &#8216;may&#8217;:<br \/>\n<em>&#8216;I suppose he could have spent the day in the office, so he may not want a bath.&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8216;Might&#8217;<\/strong> is used to say something is possible but we think it&#8217;s unlikely &#8211; &#8216;might + infinitive without to&#8217;:<br \/>\n<em>&#8216;Of course, he might stop at the pub for a drink on his way home. He sometimes does, but he didn&#8217;t say so on the phone.&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The past of &#8216;might&#8217; is <strong>&#8216;might have done \/ been&#8217;<\/strong>:<br \/>\n<em>&#8216;He&#8217;s very late. He might have had an accident, although he&#8217;s a very careful driver.&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>We use <strong>&#8216;can&#8217;t&#8217;<\/strong> to say we think something is impossible and we have evidence for thinking this. &#8216;Can&#8217;t&#8217; is the negative of &#8216;must&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;can&#8217;t + infinitive without to&#8217;:<br \/>\n<em>&#8216;He can&#8217;t be at the cinema. He never goes to the cinema without taking me.&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The past of &#8216;can&#8217;t&#8217; is <strong>&#8216;can&#8217;t have + past participle&#8217;<\/strong>:<br \/>\n<em>&#8216;He can&#8217;t have gone with someone else. He wouldn&#8217;t dare!&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2022\u2192<a href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/modals\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/<strong>modals\/<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u21d0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">\u2207\u00a0 \u00abMay\/Might (just) as well\u00bb \u00a0\u21d3<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/iGv-ERWw5Ao\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2666 \u00a0Past Modals \u00a0\u21d3 \u00a0<strong>&#8216;Can\/could have + -ed&#8217;<\/strong><\/h6>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IWLjWmgmgcE\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u2022 \u00a0Modals of speculation . . . <a href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/carlavick20\/modals-of-speculation-about-the-past\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u21d2[01]<\/a> \u21d4 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/eoi.soraya\/modals-of-speculation?next_slideshow=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[02]\u21d0\u00a0<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\">\u2207\u00a0 \u00a0\u00abshould(n&#8217;t) have \u00a0-ed\u00bb \u00a0\u2193 \u00a0 [<strong>MISTAKES &amp; REGRETS]\u00a0<\/strong><\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TccN-UFDKHE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter  wp-image-45083\" src=\"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/reproach.jpg\" alt=\"reproach\" width=\"207\" height=\"62\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/reproach.jpg 177w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/reproach-150x45.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 207px) 100vw, 207px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u2663 \u00a0Should, \u00a0Might, Could<\/strong> + &#8216;have -ed&#8217; &#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In combination with the Perfect Infinitive,<em> \u2018should\u2019<\/em> shows that a desirable action was not fulfilled:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u00abBob Smith is a snob of the worst kind. He <strong>should \/ might \/ could<\/strong> have been more friendly and easy-going with his business partners.\u00bb <\/em>\u00a0[But he wasn&#8217;t]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u2018Should not\u2019<\/em>\u00a0shows that an undesirable action was fulfilled.\u00a0In the meaning of reproach, \u2018<em>might\u2019<\/em>\u00a0and <em>&#8216;could&#8217;<\/em> can only be used in <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">affirmative<\/span> sentences.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u00abYou <strong>shouldn&#8217;t<\/strong> have told them; it was a secret.\u00bb \u00a0<\/em>[Unfortunately you did]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8216;Needn&#8217;t&#8217; + Past Infinitive indicates that an unnecessary action was taken:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u00abThank you very much. You <strong>needn&#8217;t<\/strong> have bothered.\u00bb<\/em> \u00a0[But you did!]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"color: #666666;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"3\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<h4 style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"3\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"3\">Classification of modality \u00a0\u21d3 \u00a0Epistemic &amp; Deontic\u00a0<\/b><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/allthingslinguistic.com\/post\/138048860136\/the-difference-between-epistemic-deontic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-52943\" src=\"http:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/epistemic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/epistemic.png 336w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/epistemic-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/epistemic-150x121.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #666666; text-align: right;\" data-iceapw=\"4\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">EPISTEMIC:<\/b>\u00a0deduction, possibility, prediction.<\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #666666; text-align: right;\" data-iceapw=\"5\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">DEONTIC:<\/b>\u00a0obligation, advice, permission, prohibition.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"color: #666666;\" value=\"2\" data-iceapw=\"4\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<h5 style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"4\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"4\">Kinds of modal verbs.<\/b><\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" value=\"0\" data-iceapw=\"5\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"5\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">CENTRAL:<\/b>\u00a0the typical, &#8216;can&#8217;, &#8216;should&#8217;\u2026<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"12\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"12\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">SEMI-MODALS:<\/b>\u00a0sometimes they function as modals and sometimes they don&#8217;t: &#8216;need&#8217;, &#8216;dare&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" value=\"2\" data-iceapw=\"10\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"10\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">MODAL IDIOMS:<\/b>\u00a0idioms that express modality: &#8216;had better&#8217;, &#8216;would rather&#8217;\u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"10\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\" data-iceapc=\"1\">Central modals:<\/b><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">CAN\/COULD<\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"17\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"17\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Ability:<\/b>\u00a0be able to, know how to, be capable of\u2026 <em>&#8216;He can play the guitar very well.&#8217;<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" value=\"2\" data-iceapw=\"58\" data-iceapc=\"9\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"58\" data-iceapc=\"8\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">Theoretical Possibility:\u00a0<\/b>Can and could<b style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/b>express<b style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">general possibility\u00a0<\/span>as in &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"7\">You can ski on the hills&#8217; (=<\/i>\u00a0it is possible because there is enough snow) or\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">occasional possibility<\/span>\u00a0( very much used related to people&#8217;s behaviour) as in &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"5\">Measles can be dangerous&#8217; (=<\/i>Sometimes it is possible for them to be dangerous) \u00a0&#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"6\">My mother can be very shy.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" value=\"3\" data-iceapw=\"25\" data-iceapc=\"5\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"25\" data-iceapc=\"4\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Permission:\u00a0<\/b>It is used in much more informal<b style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/b>situations than<b style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/b><i data-iceapw=\"1\">may.<\/i>\u00a0Another difference with may as related to permission is given in the following statements:<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: center;\" data-iceapw=\"9\" data-iceapc=\"2\"><i data-iceapw=\"4\">&#8216;You may park here&#8217;\u00a0<\/i>(<i>\u00a0<\/i>I give you permission)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: center;\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><i data-iceapw=\"4\">&#8216;You can park here&#8217;\u00a0<\/i>( Could be mine or others&#8217; permission)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: right;\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"1\">Since <em>&#8216;can&#8217;<\/em> has no passive form it is expressed by &#8216;<em><strong>allowed to&#8217;<\/strong><\/em>: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"6\">I was allowed to park here.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: left;\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"1\">\u03a6 \u00a0To avoid misinterpretations in the past, we use other forms besides <em>&#8216;could&#8217;:<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: right;\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><strong>\u21d2<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/worldservice\/learningenglish\/grammar\/learnit\/learnitv196.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">&#8216;COULD&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;WAS\/WERE ABLE TO&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;MANAGED TO&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;SUCCEEDED IN&#8217;<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/worldservice\/learningenglish\/grammar\/learnit\/learnitv196.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> (+ -ing)<\/a>\u21d0<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">MAY\/MIGHT<\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"42\" data-iceapc=\"4\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"42\" data-iceapc=\"3\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"7\">Factual Possibility: May\/ might + present infinitive:\u00a0<\/b>It indicates a chance that something is possible: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"4\">You may\/might be right&#8217;<\/i>\u00a0(=it is possibly true at the moment of speaking) &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"5\">He may\/might tell his wife&#8217;\u00a0<\/i>(=a chance that something will happen in the future).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"24\" data-iceapc=\"1\">Normally either can be used but,\u00a0<i data-iceapw=\"1\">might<\/i>\u00a0increases the doubt ( might is not the past of may; it means possible but less likely)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"31\" data-iceapc=\"1\">May is not used in the interrogative unless it occurs after a wh- particle, but it is better to use a paraphrase with &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"7\">to be likely to&#8217;, &#8216;do you think&#8217;.\u00a0<\/i>Compare.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"18\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><i data-iceapw=\"18\">* May he be at home? \u00a0&#8211; When may we expect you? \u00a0= When are you likely to arrive?<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"42\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"4\">May\/might + perfect infinitive:\u00a0<\/b>It is used when you are not certain about a past action. When the uncertainty no longer exists in the present (i.e. something did not happen but it was possible) then only might + perfect infinitive is possible.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapc=\"2\" data-iceapw=\"22\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/b><i data-iceapw=\"11\">&#8216;You shouldn&#8217;t have drunk that wine. It may have been drugged&#8217;\u00a0<\/i>(=we are still uncertain if it has been drugged or not)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"19\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><i data-iceapw=\"19\">&#8216;You shouldn&#8217;t have drunk that wine. It might have been drugged&#8217; (=he or we know that it wasn&#8217;t drugged)<\/i><\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"2\" data-iceapw=\"22\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"22\" data-iceapc=\"2\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Permission:\u00a0<\/b>It is used for more formal and less common contexts than\u00a0<i data-iceapw=\"1\">can<\/i>. May emphasises and authoritarian overtone. ( See can)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"3\" data-iceapw=\"31\" data-iceapc=\"6\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"31\" data-iceapc=\"5\">There is a rare use of may as a\u00a0<i data-iceapw=\"1\">quasi-subjunctive<\/i><i>\u00a0<\/i>auxiliary<i>\u00a0<\/i><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"3\">to express wish,<\/b>\u00a0normally in positive sentences. &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"13\">May the best man win!&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;May you have a long and happy life!&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">SHALL<\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"68\" data-iceapc=\"2\">&#8216;<em>Shall&#8217;<\/em> is an auxiliary with restricted use: it is only in the first person of questions that it cannot be replaced by &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"10\">will&#8217;. &#8216;Shall I come now?&#8217; * Will I come now? \u00a0<\/i>Apart from this meaning of\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">intention<\/b>\u00a0on the part of the speaker it has also other meanings:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"43\" data-iceapc=\"9\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"3\" data-iceapw=\"27\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"27\" data-iceapc=\"2\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Willingness<\/b>\u00a0on the part of the speaker in 2nd and 3rd person ( weak volition) &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"12\">He shall get his money.&#8217; &#8211; \u00a0&#8216;You shall do exactly as you wish.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"4\" data-iceapw=\"16\" data-iceapc=\"4\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"16\" data-iceapc=\"3\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Insistence<\/b>\u00a0( strong volition) and\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">legal:<\/b>\u00a0&#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"10\">You shall do as I say.&#8217; &#8211; \u00a0&#8216;He shall be punished.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"7\">Shall can also be used today to:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1137\" data-iceapc=\"228\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"5\" data-iceapw=\"7\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"7\" data-iceapc=\"1\">Express\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">suggestions:<\/b>\u00a0&#8216;Shall we go scuba diving?&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"6\" data-iceapw=\"10\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"10\" data-iceapc=\"2\">In\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">emphatic<\/b>\u00a0expressions: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"7\">We shall go and we shall win.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"4\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"4\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"4\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">OUGHT TO<\/span> \u00a0&amp; \u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">SHOULD<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"50\" data-iceapc=\"3\">Both are used to express\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"4\">obligation and logical necessity\u00a0<\/b>but they are less categorical than &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"1\">must&#8217;<\/i>\u00a0and &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"2\">have to&#8217;<\/i>\u00a0. Although they have similar meanings &#8216;<em>should&#8217;<\/em> is used in a more subjective way, you give the subjective opinion about something and <em>&#8216;ought to&#8217;<\/em> is for a more objective use.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"14\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><i data-iceapw=\"10\">&#8216;You should\/ought to go and see Mary some time&#8217;.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapc=\"2\" data-iceapw=\"38\"><i><\/i>Followed by the continuous infinitive (ought to\/should + continuous infinitive) it refers to someone that is not fulfilling his obligation. &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"17\">He ought to be studying for his exam.&#8217; &#8211; \u00a0&#8216;He shouldn&#8217;t be spending his time on the beach.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"1\">Apart from the uses mentioned above &#8216;<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Should&#8217;<\/b>\u00a0is also used :<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1137\" data-iceapc=\"228\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"964\" data-iceapc=\"203\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"7\" data-iceapw=\"14\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"14\" data-iceapc=\"2\">As a\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">putative<\/b>\u00a0after certain expressions: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"8\">I am sorry that this should have happened.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"8\" data-iceapw=\"15\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"15\" data-iceapc=\"2\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">Tentative condition<\/b>\u00a0in conditional clauses: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"10\">If you should change your mind, please let us know.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">WILL\/WOULD<\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"40\" data-iceapc=\"4\">Both verbs express weak\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">volition<\/b>\u00a0(&#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"12\">He will help you if you ask him&#8217;\/ &#8216;Would you excuse me?&#8217;)\u00a0<\/i>and\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">insistence<\/b>\u00a0(strong volition): &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"18\">He will do it whatever you say&#8217; &#8211; \u00a0&#8216;It&#8217;s your own fault: you would take the baby with you.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"6\">But they have independently other meanings:<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapc=\"3\" data-iceapw=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/b><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">WILL:<\/b><b style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/b><\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1137\" data-iceapc=\"228\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"964\" data-iceapc=\"203\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"21\" data-iceapc=\"8\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"9\" data-iceapw=\"15\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"15\" data-iceapc=\"2\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Intention:<\/b>\u00a0In this case it is usually contracted. &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"7\">I&#8217;ll write as soon as I can.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"10\" data-iceapw=\"6\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"6\" data-iceapc=\"2\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Prediction:<\/b>\u00a0&#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"5\">The game will be finished.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">WOULD<\/b><\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1137\" data-iceapc=\"228\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"964\" data-iceapc=\"203\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"32\" data-iceapc=\"12\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"11\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"2\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">Characteristic activity: &#8216;<\/b><i data-iceapw=\"9\">Every morning he would go for a long walk.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"12\" data-iceapw=\"15\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"15\" data-iceapc=\"2\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"5\">Hypothetical meaning in main clauses:<\/b>\u00a0&#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"10\">He would smoke too much if I didn&#8217;t stop him.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"13\" data-iceapw=\"6\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"6\" data-iceapc=\"2\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Probability: &#8216;<\/b><i data-iceapw=\"5\">That would be his mother.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">MUST<\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"52\" data-iceapc=\"6\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"52\" data-iceapc=\"5\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Obligation<\/b>\u00a0in the present tense (= be obliged to, have to). The past tense is supplied by\u00a0<i data-iceapw=\"2\">had to<\/i>\u00a0. In this sense\u00a0<i data-iceapw=\"1\">mustn&#8217;t<\/i>\u00a0is not the negative, this form means not allowed to. To convey the idea of no obligation we should use\u00a0<i data-iceapw=\"5\">don&#8217;t have to, not be<\/i>\u00a0<i data-iceapw=\"3\">obliged to, needn&#8217;t.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"13\" data-iceapc=\"6\">The\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">difference between &#8216;<\/span><i data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">must&#8217;<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">\u00a0and &#8216;<\/span><i data-iceapw=\"2\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">have to&#8217;<\/span><\/i>\u00a0is seen in the following example:<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"16\" data-iceapc=\"1\">Mother: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"9\">You must wipe your feet when you come in.&#8217;<\/i>( the speaker is the authority)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapc=\"2\" data-iceapw=\"20\"><i><\/i>Small boy: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"11\">I have to wipe my feet every time I come in&#8217;\u00a0<\/i>( the speaker is not the authority)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"30\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><em>&#8216;Must&#8217;<\/em>, used in the 1st person singular denotes the idea of urgency: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"10\">I must phone my mother and tell her the news&#8217;\u00a0<\/i>(=you feel that the obligation is something urgent)<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1137\" data-iceapc=\"228\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"964\" data-iceapc=\"203\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"2\" data-iceapw=\"16\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"16\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">Deduction:\u00a0<\/b>To say that something is logically necessary or that we suppose that it is certain.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"21\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><i data-iceapw=\"12\">&#8216;There is an ambulance at Peter&#8217;s door: he must be ill&#8217; (<\/i>\u00a0that is the only possibility since he lives alone)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"49\" data-iceapc=\"4\">Must is not used in the negative, the\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">negative<\/b>\u00a0is done with\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">can&#8217;t<\/b>; and it is only used in the interrogative when carrying a deduction: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"14\">It must be Tom.&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;Why must it be Tom? Other people use that flat.&#8217;\u00a0<\/i>In other cases Can is preferred for the interrogative.<i><\/i><\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1137\" data-iceapc=\"228\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"964\" data-iceapc=\"203\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"3\" data-iceapw=\"13\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"13\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">Root necessity:\u00a0<\/b>this conveys the idea of something that is essential or necessary.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: center;\" data-iceapw=\"10\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><i data-iceapw=\"10\">&#8216;Plants must receive a good supply of sun and moisture.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1137\" data-iceapc=\"228\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"964\" data-iceapc=\"203\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"2\" data-iceapc=\"2\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"2\" data-iceapc=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">USED TO<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"51\" data-iceapc=\"4\">It always takes the to infinitive and occurs <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>only<\/em><\/span> in the past tense; affirmative (<em>&#8216;used to&#8217;<\/em>), interrogative (&#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"3\">didn&#8217;t use to&#8217;) or negative (&#8216;didn&#8217;t use to&#8217;).<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"31\" data-iceapc=\"1\">It is used to express a state or habit that existed in the past but has ceased: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"8\">He used to play cards a lot&#8217; (\u00a0<\/i>but he doesn&#8217;t do it now).<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"9\" data-iceapc=\"1\">The difference between this verb and &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"1\">Would&#8217;\u00a0<\/i>is that:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1137\" data-iceapc=\"228\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"964\" data-iceapc=\"203\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"76\" data-iceapc=\"9\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"14\" data-iceapw=\"25\" data-iceapc=\"4\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"25\" data-iceapc=\"3\"><i data-iceapw=\"2\">&#8216;used to&#8217;<\/i>\u00a0is used when there is a\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"5\">contrast between past and present<\/b>: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"11\">I used to smoke cigarettes, but now I use a pipe.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"15\" data-iceapw=\"51\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"51\" data-iceapc=\"2\">&#8216;Would&#8217; is used to express a past routine and pattern but there is no contrast with the present, it is just a description of someone&#8217;s routine during a certain period: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"8\">Every morning he would go for a walk &#8216;<\/i>(= there is no the idea that he does no longer do it)<i><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"1\" data-iceapw=\"6\" data-iceapc=\"5\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"6\" data-iceapc=\"4\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">:\u00a0<\/b><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\" data-iceapc=\"1\">Semi-Auxiliaries<\/b><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"4\">: \u00a0<span style=\"color: #003300;\">NEED<\/span> \u00a0&amp; \u00a0<span style=\"color: #003300;\">DARE<\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"74\" data-iceapc=\"1\">Need and dare are considered semi-auxiliaries because they can be constructed either as modal auxiliaries ( with the bare infinitive and without any inflected -s form) or as lexical verbs ( with the\u00a0<i data-iceapw=\"1\">to<\/i>\u00a0&#8211; infinitive and with the inflected form -s forms). The modal verb construction is restricted to non-assertive contexts (i.e. mainly negative and interrogative sentences) whereas the lexical verb construction can always be used and is in fact the more common.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapc=\"2\" data-iceapw=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/b><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">NEED<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"29\" data-iceapc=\"1\">As an\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">auxiliary verb<\/b>\u00a0in negative terms it indicates absence of obligation. It expresses the speaker&#8217;s authority or advise and it is used for the present and the future:<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"20\" data-iceapc=\"3\"><i data-iceapw=\"2\">&#8216;You needn<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">&#8216;<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"4\">t type your essay&#8217;\u00a0<\/i>( the speaker is the authority, it could be the teacher for example)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"46\" data-iceapc=\"9\">But it can also take do-periphrasis and in this case it expresses absence of obligation as well but in this case the speaker is not the authority: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"1\">you\u00a0<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">don<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">&#8216;<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">t\u00a0<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">need<\/i><i>\u00a0<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">t<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">o<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"3\">\u00a0type your essay&#8217;\u00a0<\/i>( here it could be a conversation among classmates)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"18\" data-iceapc=\"5\">As a\u00a0<b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"2\">lexical verb<\/b>\u00a0it means\u00a0<i data-iceapw=\"1\">\u201c<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">require<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">\u201d<\/i>\u00a0: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"8\">I need some money\/ your hair needs cutting.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapc=\"3\" data-iceapw=\"1\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/b><b style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/b><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><b style=\"color: #000000;\" data-iceapw=\"1\">DARE<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"20\">It is not a common verb in informal style. But in few cases it is still common in spoken style:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color: #666666; text-align: justify;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"color: #666666;\" data-iceapw=\"1658\" data-iceapc=\"317\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"1137\" data-iceapc=\"228\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"964\" data-iceapc=\"203\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"85\" data-iceapc=\"36\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"16\" data-iceapw=\"15\" data-iceapc=\"7\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"15\" data-iceapc=\"6\">In BrE the negative\u00a0<i data-iceapw=\"1\">daren<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">&#8216;<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">t<\/i>\u00a0is frequent: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"2\">I daren<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">&#8216;<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"3\">t ask her.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"17\" data-iceapw=\"22\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"22\" data-iceapc=\"2\">Children to challenge each other to do frightening things: &#8216;<i data-iceapw=\"10\">I dare you to ride your bike through the gate<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"3\">\u00a0with no hands.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"18\" data-iceapw=\"26\" data-iceapc=\"10\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"26\" data-iceapc=\"9\">To discourage people from doing things they shouldn&#8217;t: &#8216;M<i data-iceapw=\"9\">ummy can I draw a picture on the wall?&#8217;\u00a0<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">&#8211;<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">\u00a0&#8216;You\u00a0<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">dare<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">!&#8217; &#8211; &#8216;<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">Don<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">&#8216;<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"3\">t you dare.&#8217;<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"19\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"3\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"2\"><i data-iceapw=\"8\">&#8216;I dare say it will rain soon&#8217; (<\/i><i>\u00a0<\/i>it will probably\u2026)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" value=\"20\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"8\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit;\" data-iceapw=\"11\" data-iceapc=\"7\"><i data-iceapw=\"3\">&#8216;How dare you?<\/i><i>\u00a0<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"1\">Take<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"5\">\u00a0your hands off me immediately.&#8217;\u00a0<\/i><i data-iceapw=\"2\">( Indignation)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a4 \u00a0Other ways of expressing <strong>MODALITY \u00a0\u00a0\u21d3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Following the very basic English pattern: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammaring.com\/adjective-to-infinitive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ADJECTIVE + to_infinitive<\/a>; just like . . .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00ab<a href=\"http:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/grammar\/british-grammar\/be-expressions-be-able-to-be-due-to\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">be able to&#8230;<\/a>\u00bb \/ \u00ab<a href=\"http:\/\/english.stackexchange.com\/questions\/140310\/semantical-difference-between-must-not-and-not-allowed-to\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">be allowed to&#8230;<\/a>\u00bb \/ \u00ab<a href=\"http:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/grammar\/british-grammar\/likely-and-unlikely\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">be (un)likely to&#8230;<\/a>\u00bb \/ \u00ab<a href=\"http:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/british\/willing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">be willing to&#8230;<\/a>\u00bb \/ <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00ab<a href=\"http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/determined\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">be determined to&#8230;<\/a>\u00bb \/ \u00ab<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wordreference.com\/es\/translation.asp?tranword=be%20expected\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">be expected to&#8230;<\/a>\u00bb \/ <a href=\"http:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/british\/obliged\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00abbe obliged to&#8230;\u00bb<\/a> \/ <a href=\"http:\/\/www.grammaring.com\/be-bound-to-infinitive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00abbe bound to&#8230;\u00bb<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/S-UH9RkvwYY\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u03a6 \u00a0&#8216;be supposed to&#8230;&#8217; &amp; &#8216;be expected to&#8230;&#8217; \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u21d2<a href=\"http:\/\/www.engvid.com\/speaking-english-expectations-how-to-use-supposed-to\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[quiz]<\/a>\u21d0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Auxiliary, or helping verbs, are used before infinitives to add a different meaning. The following auxiliaries are called \u21d2Modal Auxiliaries or Modals\u21d0<\/p>\n<p> Modal Auxiliaries Meanings \/ Functions can ability, permission, request, possibility could ability, formal request, possibility shall futurity, willingness, intention, suggestion, insistence should obligation, necessity, expectation, advisability will willingness, intention, prediction, [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":2369,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[297,289],"tags":[190,236],"class_list":["post-2160","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grammar","category-functional_language","tag-style","tag-exercices","odd"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2160","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2160"}],"version-history":[{"count":111,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2160\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":56033,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2160\/revisions\/56033"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2160"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2160"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2160"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}