{"id":18375,"date":"2015-03-24T19:00:59","date_gmt":"2015-03-24T19:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/?p=18375"},"modified":"2020-04-22T18:51:08","modified_gmt":"2020-04-22T18:51:08","slug":"assertive-vs-nonassertive-forms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/?p=18375","title":{"rendered":"Assertive  vs  Nonassertive  forms"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong style=\"color: #333399; text-align: justify; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;\">\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"  wp-image-45495 alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/yes_no.png\" alt=\"yes_no\" width=\"260\" height=\"129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/yes_no.png 318w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/yes_no-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/yes_no-150x75.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-45500\" src=\"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/QM.jpg\" alt=\"QM\" width=\"191\" height=\"124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/QM.jpg 278w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/QM-150x98.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 191px) 100vw, 191px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32330\" src=\"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/head.jpg\" alt=\"head\" width=\"316\" height=\"138\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/head.jpg 316w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/head-300x131.jpg 300w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/head-150x65.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\" \/><\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>\u00a4 <\/strong>Ways of saying<strong style=\"color: #333399; text-align: justify; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5;\">\u00a0. . .\u00a0<\/strong><strong>&#8216;YEP!&#8217; \u00a0\u21d3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">.\u00a0<span style=\"color: #333399;\">. .\u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/dictionary\/british\/definitely#definitely__2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">definitely<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/dictionary\/british\/of-course#of-course__1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">of course<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/dictionary\/british\/sure_2#sure_2__1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sure<\/a>&#8216; \/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/dictionary\/british\/naturally#naturally__2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">naturally<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/dictionary\/british\/right_2#right_2__28\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">that\u2019s right<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/dictionary\/british\/mind_2#mind_2__10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">I don\u2019t mind if I do<\/a>&#8216; \/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/dictionary\/british\/means#means__5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">by all means<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/dictionary\/british\/bet_1#bet_1__12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">you bet<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/dictionary\/british\/on#on__65\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">you\u2019re on<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/idioms.thefreedictionary.com\/no+problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no problem<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0 &#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.vocabulary.com\/dictionary\/affirmative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">affirmative<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/dictionary\/british\/absolutely\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">absolutely<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.urbandictionary.com\/define.php?term=fair+enough\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fair enough<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0\/ \u00a0&#8216;<a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.urbandictionary.com\/define.php?term=certainly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certainly<\/a>&#8216; \u00a0.\u00a0. .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u00a4 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\">Assertive<\/span> vs. <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Nonassertive<\/span><\/b>\u00a0is a way of talking about the difference between positive sentences and related negative sentences and questions. The idea is that positive sentences \u00abassert\u00bb something while negative sentences and questions do not.<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"90%\" cellspacing=\"10\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr bgcolor=\"#3333FF\">\n<td><b><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Assertive<\/span> Examples<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Nonassertive<\/span> Examples<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"LEFT\" valign=\"TOP\">They have been to France\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><b>already<\/b>.<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Negative<br \/>\nThey have<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>n&#8217;t<\/strong><\/span> been to Egypt\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>yet<\/b>.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr bgcolor=\"#E3E3FF\">\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"LEFT\" valign=\"TOP\">They had\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><b>some<\/b><\/span>\u00a0French bread for dinner.<\/td>\n<td>Negative<br \/>\nThey have<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>n&#8217;t<\/b>\u00a0<\/span>had\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>any<\/b><\/span>\u00a0Egyptian bread yet.Question<br \/>\nDid they have\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>any<\/b><\/span>\u00a0French wine<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>?<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr bgcolor=\"#E3E3FF\">\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"LEFT\" valign=\"TOP\">They saw\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><b>somebody<\/b><\/span>\u00a0running out of the restaurant.<\/td>\n<td align=\"LEFT\" valign=\"TOP\">Question<br \/>\nDid they see\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>anybody<\/b><\/span>\u00a0they recognized<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>?<\/strong><\/span>Negative<br \/>\nThey did<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>n&#8217;t<\/b><\/span>\u00a0see\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>anyone<\/b><\/span>\u00a0that they knew.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr bgcolor=\"#000099\">\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00b6 \u00a0Non-assertive words<\/span>\u00a0<a title=\"Download Non-assertive words PDF\" href=\"http:\/\/www.englishgrammar.org\/nonassertive-words\/?article2pdf=1?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.englishgrammar.org\/images\/pdf.gif\" alt=\"pdf\" \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>There are some words which are mainly used in affirmative sentences. Examples are:\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>some, once, already, somebody, something, sometimes, somewhere, someone,<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0etc. These words are often called\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>assertive words.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>We do not usually use assertive words in questions and negatives. Instead we use other words like\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">any, anything, anybody, ever, yet,<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>etc. These words are often called\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>non-assertive words.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Compare:<a href=\"http:\/\/duermueller.tripod.com\/nonass.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-31080\" src=\"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Assertive.jpg\" alt=\"Assertive\" width=\"198\" height=\"166\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Assertive.jpg 198w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/Assertive-150x125.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Somebody<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>knocked at the door. (Assertive)<\/li>\n<li>Did<strong>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">anybody<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0knock at the door? (Non-assertive)<\/li>\n<li>I have bought<strong>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\">something<\/span><\/strong>. (Assertive)<\/li>\n<li>I haven\u2019t bought\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">anything<\/span>.\u00a0<\/strong>(Non-assertive)<\/li>\n<li>I have been to the US<strong>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\">once<\/span>.<\/strong>\u00a0(Assertive)<\/li>\n<li>Have you\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">ever<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>been to the US? (Non-assertive)<\/li>\n<li>She has\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>already<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0arrived. (Assertive)<\/li>\n<li>She hasn\u2019t arrived<strong>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">yet<\/span><\/strong>. (Non-assertive)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>[quiz]\u21d2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Non-assertive words<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>are used in questions and negatives. They are also used in if-clauses and with adverbs, adjectives, verbs, prepositions and determiners that have a negative meaning.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Let me know\u00a0<strong>if<\/strong>\u00a0you need\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>any<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0help.<\/li>\n<li>I wonder<strong>\u00a0if<\/strong>\u00a0there is\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>anything<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0wrong with her.<\/li>\n<li>She sings\u00a0<strong>better<\/strong>\u00a0than\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">anybody<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>else in my family.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Few\u00a0<\/strong>people have\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>ever<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0seen him laugh.<\/li>\n<li>I would rather do it\u00a0<strong>without <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">anybody<\/span>\u2019s<\/strong>\u00a0help.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>Assertive words in questions<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Assertive words are sometimes used in questions and negatives. This, for example, happens when we want to give a positive feeling to the sentence.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Did<\/strong>\u00a0you want\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #003366;\">something<\/span>?<\/strong>\u00a0(Suggests \u2018I think you want something\u2019)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6 style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #303030; text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.macmillandictionary.com\/thesaurus-category\/british\/ways-of-saying-no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft  wp-image-44982\" src=\"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/no_.jpg\" alt=\"no_\" width=\"60\" height=\"55\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/no_.jpg 300w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/no_-150x138.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 60px) 100vw, 60px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0\u2190 \u00a0Ways of saying \u00abNope\u00bb\u00a0&#8230;<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/clairediazortiz.com\/50-ways-to-say-no\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u21d250\u21d0<\/a> \/\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/thehalfwaypoint.net\/2010\/02\/fifty-ways-to-say-no\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u21d2more\u21d0<\/a><\/h6>\n<h4 style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #303030; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u00a4 \u00a0Indefinite pronouns &amp; determiners \u00a0\u21d3<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/english.lingolia.com\/en\/grammar\/pronouns\/indefinite-pronouns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-40633\" src=\"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/indefpron.jpg\" alt=\"indefpron\" width=\"344\" height=\"146\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/indefpron.jpg 344w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/indefpron-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/indefpron-150x63.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #303030; text-align: justify;\">The core indefinite pronouns and determiners are quantitative in meaning, indicating number or amount.<\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #303030; text-align: justify;\">The system in English is sensitive to such factors as the countability of the noun that is determined or replaced, as well as whether a clause is <span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>assertive<\/strong> <\/span>(roughly, positive declarative) or <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>non-assertive<\/strong><\/span> (roughly, negative declarative or interrogative).<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u2022 Quizzes . . . \u21d2<a href=\"http:\/\/www.englishexercises.org\/makeagame\/viewgame.asp?id=1761\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[01]<\/a>\u00a0\u21d4\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/learnenglish.britishcouncil.org\/en\/english-grammar\/pronouns\/indefinite-pronouns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[02]<\/a>\u00a0\u21d4\u00a0<strong><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.agendaweb.org\/grammar\/anybody-someone-indefinite-pronouns-exercises.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">[03]\u21d0<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u221e <span style=\"color: #003366;\">\u00a0&#8216;some&#8217;<\/span> vs <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&#8216;any&#8217;<\/span><\/strong><\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The pronouns\/determiners\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong><em>some<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><em>any<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0and the compound pronouns\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>somebody<\/em>,\u00a0<em>someone<\/em>,\u00a0<em>something<\/em>,<\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>anyone<\/em><\/span>,<\/strong> and\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><em>anything<\/em><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0are the core members of the class of indefinite pronouns. The following examples illustrate some of their uses:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(1) \u00a0I saw <span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>somebody\/someone\/something<\/strong><\/span> outside my window.<\/p>\n<p>(2) \u00a0Did you see <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>anybody\/anyone\/anything<\/strong><\/span> outside your window<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>(3) \u00a0I did<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>n\u2019t<\/strong> <\/span>see <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>anybody\/anyone\/anything<\/strong><\/span> outside my window.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As these examples show,\u00a0 English sometimes uses the\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><em>some<\/em><\/span>-forms and sometimes the\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>any<\/em><\/span>-forms. Roughly, the\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003300;\"><em>some<\/em>-forms<\/span> are used in positive statements, whereas the\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>any<\/em>-forms<\/span> are used in questions and negatives. We discuss this more thoroughly immediately below.<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: right;\"><strong>\u03a6 \u00a0Assertive and non-assertive contexts<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The patterning in the examples above reflects a distinction between so called\u00a0<span style=\"color: #003366;\"><strong>assertive<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">non-assertive<\/span> contexts<\/strong>. The former type of context is one where the truth of a positive statement is asserted, whereas the latter is one where the truth of the positive statement is either denied (negatives) or unknown (interrogatives).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Beside negative declaratives and interrogatives, non-assertive contexts include e.g. comparative clauses, conditional clauses and complement clauses of verbs which entail or presuppose the negation of the complement clause.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(4) \u00a0He is richer than <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">anyone<\/span> I know.<\/p>\n<p>(5) \u00a0If you need <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">any<\/span> help let me know.<\/p>\n<p>(6) \u00a0Bill\u2019s lawyer failed to do <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">anything<\/span> that could have helped him.<\/p>\n<p>(7) \u00a0My client denies having done <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">anything<\/span> wrong.<\/p>\n<p>(8) \u00a0I doubt if there is <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">any<\/span> truth to this.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It should be noted that the\u00a0<em>some<\/em>&#8211; and\u00a0<em>any<\/em>-words do not behave exactly the same in all non-assertive contexts. For example,\u00a0<em>some<\/em>-words can sometimes be used in interrogative clauses, whereas they are more restricted in negative declaratives.<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u221e \u00a0Some and any in non-assertive contexts<\/strong><\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The main rule in English is that the\u00a0<em>some<\/em>-words are used in assertive contexts and\u00a0<em>any<\/em>-words are used in non-assertive contexts.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(09) \u00a0There is still <strong><span style=\"color: #003366;\">some<\/span> <\/strong>wine left.<\/p>\n<p>(10) \u00a0Is there <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">any<\/span><\/strong> wine left?<\/p>\n<p>(11) \u00a0There isn\u2019t <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">any<\/span><\/strong> wine left.<\/p>\n<p>(12) \u00a0If you have <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">any<\/span><\/strong> problems, please let me know.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, in some non-assertive contexts, the\u00a0<em>some<\/em>-words can be used, but with additional interpretations. At a very general level, the\u00a0<em>some<\/em>-words in non-assertive contexts give rise to existential presuppositions.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(13) Is there <strong><span style=\"color: #003366;\">some<\/span><\/strong> wine left?<\/p>\n<p>(14) If you have <strong><span style=\"color: #003366;\">some<\/span><\/strong> questions, please let me know.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In these examples,\u00a0<em>some<\/em>\u00a0signals that the speaker assumes that there is wine left and that there are questions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In\u00a0<em>yes\/no<\/em>\u00a0interrogatives the existential presupposition is typically equivalent to the speaker expecting a positive answer. In contexts where the speaker is making an offer by using an interrogative, the\u00a0<em>some<\/em>-words are felt to be more polite than the\u00a0<em>any<\/em>-words.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(15a) Did <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">anyone<\/span><\/strong> tell you about the meeting tomorrow?<\/p>\n<p>(15b) Did<strong> <span style=\"color: #003366;\">someone<\/span><\/strong> tell you about the meeting tomorrow?<\/p>\n<p>(16a) Can I get you <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">anything<\/span><\/strong>?<\/p>\n<p>(16b) Can I get you <strong><span style=\"color: #003366;\">something<\/span><\/strong>?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The politeness effect in\u00a0the last example\u00a0arises from the general tendency for an offer to be more polite the easier it is for the addressee to accept it. The positive bias in these types of questions therefore makes an acceptance of the offer easier.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In negative declaratives,\u00a0<em>some<\/em>-words are used when the negation does not affect the pronoun.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(17a) I did<strong>n\u2019t<\/strong> go to <strong><span style=\"color: #003366;\">some<\/span> <\/strong>of the chemistry lectures.<\/p>\n<p>(17b) I did<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">n\u2019t<\/span><\/strong> go to <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">any<\/span><\/strong> of the chemistry lectures.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the first example, the pronoun is unaffected by the negation, which results in the interpretation <em>\u2018there were some chemistry lectures that I didn\u2019t go to\u2019<\/em> (implying there were others that I did go to). Conversely, in\u00a0the second example,\u00a0the existence of grammar lectures that the speaker went to is denied.<\/p>\n<h6><strong>\u221e \u00a0&#8216;Not any&#8217;\u00a0 vs \u00a0&#8216;not a&#8217;<\/strong><\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In non-assertive contexts, the indefinite article is most often used as a determiner instead of\u00a0<em>any<\/em>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(18) His paper did<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">n\u2019t<\/span> <\/strong>have <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">a<\/span><\/strong> proper conclusion.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>A further alternative is to use the negative determiner\u00a0<em>no<\/em>\u00a0(further discussed in the next section).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(19) His paper had <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">no<\/span><\/strong> proper conclusion.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h6><strong>\u221e \u00a0&#8216;No&#8217; \u00a0vs \u00a0&#8216;not+any\/a&#8217;<em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/h6>\n<p>These two forms of negation are semantically equivalent and can often be used interchangeably.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(20) We do<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">n\u2019t<\/span> <\/strong>have <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">any<\/span><\/strong> money.<\/p>\n<p>(21) We have <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">no<\/span><\/strong> money.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Similarly\u00a0<em>not<\/em>\u00a0+\u00a0<em>a<\/em>\u00a0and no are often equivalent in meaning. (Note that\u00a0<em>not a<\/em>\u00a0can only be used with countable nouns)<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(22) She did<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">n\u2019t<\/span><\/strong> have <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">a<\/span><\/strong> clue.<\/p>\n<p>(23) She had <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">no<\/span><\/strong> clue.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In some cases, only one of these alternatives is possible. For example, the\u00a0<em>any<\/em>-words cannot be placed initially if they are affected by the negation. The negative determiner\u00a0<em>no<\/em>\u00a0is often used in such cases.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">(24a) <em>*Any other options were not considered<\/em><\/p>\n<p>(24b) <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">No<\/span><\/strong> other options were considered.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Moreover, in some cases there is a contrast in meaning between\u00a0<em>not<\/em>\u00a0+\u00a0<em>a<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>no<\/em>, such that the latter expresses a value judgement.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>(25a) Bill is <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">not a<\/span> <\/strong>photographer, but he takes great pictures.<\/p>\n<p>(25b) Bill is <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">no<\/span><\/strong> photographer.<\/p>\n<p>(26a) Mary is <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">not a<\/span><\/strong> friend of mine.<\/p>\n<p>(26b) Mary is <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">no<\/span> <\/strong>friend of mine.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Whereas\u00a0the first example\u00a0just expresses that Bill is not a professional\u00a0photographer,\u00a0the second one implies that Bill is a poor photographer.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright  wp-image-45089\" src=\"http:\/\/www.eoisabi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Noparking.jpg\" alt=\"Noparking\" width=\"105\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Noparking.jpg 195w, https:\/\/englishroam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Noparking-113x150.jpg 113w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 105px) 100vw, 105px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Similarly, in the second pair, there is a difference between simply denying that Mary is the speaker&#8217;s friend (she may be a total stranger) in the first example, and implying that the speaker is on unfriendly terms with Mary in the second.<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><strong>\u0398 \u00a0Free-choice any-words<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><strong><em>Any<\/em>&#8211;<\/strong>words can be used in both assertive and non-assertive contexts in the sense \u2018anyone, anything, etc. at all\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><em>\u00abYou can have <strong>anything<\/strong> you like.\u00bb<\/em> (= whatever you like = it doesn&#8217;t matter what)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><em>\u00ab<strong>Anybody<\/strong> might have done it.\u00bb<\/em> (= whoever = it doesn&#8217;t matter who)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><em>\u00abWe can meet <strong>anywhere<\/strong> in town.\u00bb<\/em> (=wherever you like = it doesn&#8217;t matter where)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><em>\u00abYou can call me <strong>any time<\/strong>.\u00bb<\/em> (= whenever you like = it doesn&#8217;t matter when)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\">In this so called \u2018free-choice\u2019 use, the\u00a0<em>any<\/em>-words are insensitive to whether they occur in declaratives, interrogatives, conditional clauses, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #003300;\">(27) <strong>Anyone<\/strong> can learn how to sing.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #003300;\">(28) Can <strong>anyone<\/strong> learn how to sing?<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #003300;\">(29) <strong>Anyone<\/strong> can\u2019t learn how to sing.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\">In many cases there are alternatives;\u00a0<em>everyone<\/em>\u00a0instead of\u00a0<em>anyone<\/em>, for example. In negated clauses, especially, the first of the following to example would be more common than the second:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #003300;\">(30a) Not (just) anyone can learn how to sing.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #003300;\">(30b) <strong>Not everyone<\/strong> can learn how to sing.<\/span><\/p>\n<address id=\"main_sub_title\" style=\"color: #8e5614; text-align: right;\">[Lund University]<\/address>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zT5db-8LSPc\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a4 Ways of saying . . . &#8216;YEP!&#8217; \u21d3<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">. . . &#8216;definitely&#8216; \/ &#8216;of course&#8216; \/ &#8216;sure&#8216; \/ &#8216;naturally&#8216; \/ &#8216;that\u2019s right&#8216; \/ &#8216;I don\u2019t mind if I do&#8216; \/ &#8216;by all means&#8216; \/ &#8216;you bet&#8216; \/ &#8216;you\u2019re on&#8216; \/ &#8216;no problem&#8216; \/ &#8216;affirmative&#8216; \/ &#8216;absolutely&#8216; [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":31080,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[297,289],"tags":[190,236],"class_list":["post-18375","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-grammar","category-functional_language","tag-style","tag-exercices","odd"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18375","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18375"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18375\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52662,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18375\/revisions\/52662"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/31080"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18375"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18375"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/englishroam.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18375"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}